Research Article: The Role of the Nigerian Armed Forces in Peacekeeping Operations Across Africa (2009–2024)

Research Article: The Role of the Nigerian Armed Forces in Peacekeeping Operations Across Africa (2009–2024)

Abstract This research article explores the role of the Nigerian Armed Forces in peacekeeping missions across Africa from 2009 to 2024. Nigeria, known for its robust military presence in Africa, has consistently contributed to regional stability through peacekeeping operations under the banner of the African Union (AU) and the United Nations (UN). This study examines the strategies, successes, challenges, and the broader implications of Nigeria's military engagements in peacekeeping missions in countries such as Liberia, Sierra Leone, Sudan, and Mali. It also assesses the social and political impact of these missions on the Nigerian Armed Forces (source: https://tnjc.org.ng/wp-content/uploads/Vol16N2Full/Awareness-and-Usage-of-Online-Advertising.pdf) and their role in promoting regional stability.

Introduction As Africa's most populous nation and largest economy, Nigeria has historically played a leading role in peacekeeping missions across the continent. The Nigerian Armed Forces have been central to these efforts, contributing troops to missions aimed at restoring peace and stability in war-torn regions. Nigeria’s participation in peacekeeping is rooted in its commitment to the ideals of African unity and regional stability, reinforced by its membership in the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) and the AU. This article examines Nigeria’s military contributions to peacekeeping operations from 2009 to 2024, analyzing their effectiveness, operational challenges, and the impact on both the Nigerian military and the host nations.

Peacekeeping Operations and Nigerian Contributions (2009–2024) Over the years, Nigeria has deployed thousands of military personnel to peacekeeping missions, primarily under the auspices of the UN and AU. These missions aim to prevent conflict, assist in post-conflict recovery, and provide humanitarian aid to affected populations. Some key peacekeeping missions where Nigeria has played a pivotal role include:

• United Nations Mission in Liberia (UNMIL) Nigeria was a key contributor to UNMIL, which aimed to stabilize Liberia after its prolonged civil war. Nigerian troops were instrumental in maintaining security, disarming militias, and supporting the rebuilding of national institutions.
• African Union Mission in Sudan (AMIS) The Nigerian Armed Forces have been significantly involved in AMIS, a peacekeeping mission in the Darfur region of Sudan. Nigerian troops worked to protect civilians, deliver humanitarian assistance, and mediate between conflicting parties.
• United Nations Multidimensional Integrated Stabilization Mission in Mali (MINUSMA) Nigeria has contributed to MINUSMA in Mali, which was established to support the country’s political transition and fight against extremist groups. Nigerian forces provided logistical and operational support, playing a key role in stabilizing northern Mali.
• ECOWAS Peacekeeping Mission in The Gambia (ECOMIG) In 2017, the Nigerian military was instrumental in ensuring the peaceful transfer of power in The Gambia, after political unrest following presidential elections. Nigerian forces led the ECOWAS intervention to prevent violence and restore democratic governance.

Strategies and Approaches The Nigerian Armed Forces employ various strategies in peacekeeping, including:

• Military Diplomacy: Nigerian military leaders often engage in diplomatic negotiations with local factions to promote ceasefire agreements and conflict resolution.
• Civic Engagement: Nigerian troops in peacekeeping missions frequently participate in rebuilding infrastructure, providing medical assistance, and supporting education initiatives to restore normalcy to affected communities.
• Security Provision: Nigerian forces are responsible for protecting civilians, ensuring the safe delivery of humanitarian aid, and maintaining law and order during transitional periods.

These strategies are designed to align with the broader goals of international peacekeeping, emphasizing the protection of civilians and the rebuilding of war-torn nations.

Challenges Facing Nigerian Peacekeepers Despite Nigeria’s significant contributions to peacekeeping, several challenges have hindered the effectiveness of its missions. These challenges include:

• Resource Constraints: The Nigerian Armed Forces often face logistical and financial limitations, which can affect the efficiency of their operations in distant regions.
• Political Interference: In some cases, political dynamics in host countries complicate peacekeeping efforts, making it difficult for Nigerian forces to maintain neutrality and enforce peace.
• Security Threats: Peacekeeping missions in conflict zones expose Nigerian troops to attacks from insurgents, militias, and criminal networks, sometimes resulting in casualties and destabilizing peace efforts.
• Coordination Issues: Multinational peacekeeping missions involve coordination among diverse military forces from different countries, which can lead to operational delays and communication breakdowns.

Impact on Nigeria and Host Nations Nigeria's involvement in peacekeeping missions has had profound impacts both domestically and in the host nations.

For the host countries, Nigerian peacekeeping troops have played a critical role in:

• Restoring Stability: Nigerian troops have been pivotal in restoring security, reducing violence, and fostering political transitions in countries emerging from conflict.
• Post-Conflict Recovery: Nigerian peacekeepers have assisted in rebuilding vital infrastructure, resettling displaced populations, and supporting democratic institutions.

For Nigeria, participation in peacekeeping missions has:

• Enhanced International Reputation: Nigeria’s leadership in African peacekeeping has strengthened its reputation as a key player in regional security and diplomacy.
• Improved Military Expertise: Engaging in peacekeeping operations has provided Nigerian forces with valuable experience in international operations, counterinsurgency, and conflict resolution.
• Strained Military Resources: Continuous deployment of troops for peacekeeping missions has stretched Nigeria's military resources and capabilities, particularly as the country faces internal security challenges.

Conclusion The Nigerian Armed Forces have played a crucial role in promoting peace and security across Africa through their active participation in peacekeeping operations. From Liberia to Sudan and Mali, Nigerian peacekeepers have helped restore stability and foster post-conflict recovery in nations ravaged by war. While the military has encountered various challenges, including resource limitations and security threats, Nigeria’s continued commitment to peacekeeping remains a testament to its leadership on the African continent. As peacekeeping missions evolve, Nigeria must adapt its strategies to overcome these challenges and further solidify its role as a regional peacekeeper in Africa.

This study highlights the need for sustained support for Nigerian peacekeepers and underscores the importance of international collaboration in achieving lasting peace in conflict-prone areas of Africa.